Reassortant H9N2 canine influenza viruses containing the pandemic H1N1/2009 ribonucleoprotein complex circulating in pigs acquired enhanced virulence in mice.

The reassortment between avian H9N2 and Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 viruses may have potentially changed from avian-to-mammals adaptation. This study generated 20 reassortant viruses with the introduction of H1N1/2009 internal genes from EA H1N1 virus into H9N2 virus. 12 of these recovered the replication capability both in the lungs and turbinate samples. 10 of 12 obtained PA gene segments from the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of the EA H1N1 virus, and 3 exhibited extreme virulence. Specially, the combination of PB2, PA and NP genes could overcome the species-specific restriction in human cells. Analysis of the polymerase activities found that introduction of the PA gene resulted in increased polymerase activity. These findings indicated that RNP complexes from EA H1N1 virus could confer an adaptation advantage and high compatibility to avian H9N2 virus. This raises new concerns for public health due to the possible coexistence of H9N2 and EA H1N1 viruses in dogs.

Synergistic HA and NS mutations enhanced the virulence of a mouse-adapted H1N1 influenza A virus.

H1N1 reassortants between the swine Eurasian avian-like (EA) and H1N1 2009 pandemic (H1N1 pdm/09) viruses have been circulating stably in pig populations for more than ten years, and they may have contributed to increased human infections. Whether these H1N1 viruses acquire adaptive mutations to increase their pathogenicity towards a new host is unknown. To address this problem, mouse-adapted (MA) variants of swine-origin EA H1N1 influenza virus isolated from dogs (A/canine/Guangxi/LZ57/2015[LZ57-MA]) were generated by serial lung-to-lung passages in BALB/c mice. These exhibited greater virulence and replication capability than the wild-type virus (LZ57-WT). Of the six adaptive mutations, two were mapped to the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (PB2-E578D and PA-T97I), two to hemagglutinin (HA-N198D and HA-A227E) and two to the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear export protein (NS1-A53D and NEP-R42K, respectively). Reverse genetic substitution of the viral genes and mutation experiments demonstrated that the mutations in PA-T97I could enhance the polymerase activity, but a significant downregulation of activity was seen with PB2-E578D, which was consistent with a decrease in virulence. However, HA and NS, which are genes that act synergistically, were found to be determinants of virulence in mice. The reassortant viruses bearing HA mutations (N198D and A227E) were acquired during adaptation enhanced early-stage viral replication in mammalian cells. The single-point mutations in the NS genes had limited effects on virulence. Furthermore, a combination of HA (N198D and A227E) with NS(A53D) in the rLZ57-WT backbone resulted in efficient replication and a significant increase in virulence. The results suggest that these substitutions could compensate for the polymerase function and contribute to enhanced virulence, which highlights a major role for mutations in the HA and NS genes.

Co-circulation and evolution of genogroups I and II of respiratory and enteric feline calicivirus isolates in cats.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), but the enteric FCVs raise concerns regarding their role of an enteric pathogen. In this study, between 2019 and 2020, 101 clinical samples from domestic cats with symptoms of URTD, with or without enteritis, were collected for FCV-specific detection. The FCV-positive rate reached to 42.4% (28/66) in cats with respiratory symptoms. The rates were 11.1% (3/27) and 12.5% (1/8) when faeces and serum samples were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Ten FCV strains were successfully isolated from respiratory and enteric sources in domestic cats from Guangxi. Phylogenetic analysis based on the genome sequences of 11 isolates (including GX01-13 isolated in 2013) indicated that the newly characterized FCV strains had two recombinant events in comparison with other FCVs and were of respiratory and enteric origins. These strains displayed high genetic diversity, and they were divided into two genogroups (I and II). Of these, the GXNN02-19 isolate was grouped with previously published Chinese isolates that were identified as genogroup II, which contained three specific amino acid residues (377K, 539V and 557S) in the VP1 protein. In addition, the three enteric viruses appeared genetically heterogeneous to each other. All isolates were found to be more sensitive when exposed to low pH conditions, but they were resistant to treatment with trypsin and bile salts. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the respiratory and enteric FCVs. Our results showed that the genetically distinct FCV strains with genogroups I and II from respiratory and enteric origins were co-circulating in this geographical area. Also, it was revealed that the potential recombinant events between the enteric and respiratory FCVs suggested an important role of enteric FCV during the evolution.

Apigenin suppresses proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cervical carcinoma cells by regulation of miR-152/BRD4 axis.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of apigenin and the molecular mechanism of miR-152-5p and bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) in the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cervical carcinoma cells. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the transfection efficiency and the expression of miR-152-5p and BRD4. Western blotting was conducted to evaluate the protein level of BRD4, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and MMP9. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm whether miR-152-5p bound to BRD4. MTT and Transwell invasion assay were applied to determine the cell proliferation and invasion, respectively. MiR-152-5p was downregulated and BRD4 was upregulated in cervical carcinoma tissue. Besides, miR-152-5p could directly bind to BRD4 in Hela and CaSki cells. In addition, apigenin inhibited proliferation, invasion, and EMT of Hela and CaSki cells by regulating miR-152-5p/BRD4 axis. Apigenin suppresses proliferation, invasion, and induced EMT of cervical carcinoma cells by regulation of miR-152-5p/BRD4 axis.

Emergence and Evolution of Novel Reassortant Influenza A Viruses in Canines in Southern China.

The capacity of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to host jump from animal reservoir species to humans presents an ongoing pandemic threat. Birds and swine are considered major reservoirs of viral genetic diversity, whereas equines and canines have historically been restricted to one or two stable IAV lineages with no transmission to humans. Here, by sequencing the complete genomes of 16 IAVs obtained from canines in southern China (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region [Guangxi]) in 2013 to 2015, we demonstrate that the evolution of canine influenza viruses (CIVs) in Asian dogs is increasingly complex, presenting a potential threat to humans. First, two reassortant H1N1 virus genotypes were introduced independently from swine into canines in Guangxi, including one genotype associated with a zoonotic infection. The genomes contain segments from three lineages that circulate in swine in China: North American triple reassortant H3N2, Eurasian avian-like H1N1, and pandemic H1N1. Furthermore, the swine-origin H1N1 viruses have transmitted onward in canines and reassorted with the CIV-H3N2 viruses that circulate endemically in Asian dogs, producing three novel reassortant CIV genotypes (H1N1r, H1N2r, and H3N2r [r stands for reassortant]). CIVs from this study were collected primarily from pet dogs presenting with respiratory symptoms at veterinary clinics, but dogs in Guangxi are also raised for meat, and street dogs roam freely, creating a more complex ecosystem for CIV transmission. Further surveillance is greatly needed to understand the full genetic diversity of CIV in southern China, the nature of viral emergence and persistence in the region's diverse canine populations, and the zoonotic risk as the viruses continue to evolve.IMPORTANCE Mammals have emerged as critically underrecognized sources of influenza virus diversity, including pigs that were the source of the 2009 pandemic and bats and bovines that harbor highly divergent viral lineages. Here, we identify two reassortant IAVs that recently host switched from swine to canines in southern China, including one virus with known zoonotic potential. Three additional genotypes were generated via reassortment events in canine hosts, demonstrating the capacity of dogs to serve as "mixing vessels." The continued expansion of IAV diversity in canines with high human contact rates requires enhanced surveillance and ongoing evaluation of emerging pandemic threats.

Detection and genetic characterization of canine astroviruses in pet dogs in Guangxi, China.

BACKGROUND: Astroviruses (AstVs) have been reported to infect and cause gastroenteritis in most animal species. Human AstVs were regarded the causative agent of viral diarrhea in children. In dogs, little is known about the epidemiology and clinical significance of AstV infection. FINDINGS: In this study, we collected and tested 253 rectal swabs from pet dogs; of which 64 samples (25.3%) tested positive for AstVs with diarrhea and 15 more samples (5.9%) also was identified as AstVs, however without any clinical signs. Phylogenetic analysis of 39 partial ORF1b sequences from these samples revealed that they are similar to AstVs, which can be subdivided into three lineages. Interestingly, out of the 39 isolates sequenced, 16 isolates are shown to be in the Mamastrovirus 5/canine astrovirus (CAstV) lineage and the remaining 23 isolates displayed higher similarities with known porcine astrovirus (PoAstV) 5 and 2. Further, analysis of 13 capsid sequences from these isolates showed that they are closely clustered with Chinese or Italy CAstV isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that CAstVs commonly circulate in pet dogs, and our sequencing results have shown the genomic diversity of CAstVs leading to increasing number of clusters.

Complete Genome Sequence of Feline Calicivirus Strain GX01-2013 Isolated from Household Cats in Guangxi, Southern China.

Here, we report the complete genome of a feline calicivirus (FCV) originating from household cats in Guangxi, southern China, in September 2013. To understand its genetic characteristics, we isolated FCV strain GX01-2013 from MDCK cells and determined its complete genome sequence.

Emergence of human-like H3N2 influenza viruses in pet dogs in Guangxi, China.

BACKGROUND: After the 1968 H3N2 pandemic emerged in humans, H3N2 influenza viruses continuously circulated and evolved in nature. An H3N2 variant was circulating in humans in the 1990s and subsequently introduced into the pig population in the 2000s. This virus gradually became the main subtype of swine influenza virus worldwide. However, there were no reports of infections in dogs with this virus. FINDINGS: In 2013, 35 nasal swabs from pet dogs were positive for Influenza A virus by RT-PCR. Two viruses were isolated and genetically characterized. In the phylogenetic trees of all gene segments, two H3N2 canine isolates clustered with Moscow/10/99 and most H3N2 swine influenza viruses. These results indicated that two H3N2 CIVs possessed high homology with human/swine influenza viruses, which at the same time exhibited some amino acid substitutions in NA, polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), and nucleoprotein (NP), which probably were related to the interspecies transmission. CONCLUSIONS: These two viruses share the highest homology with swine H3N2, Moscow/99-like viruses, which indicated that these viruses might originate from swine viruses.

[Construction of TDRG1 shRNA expression vector and interfering effect of TDRG1 shRNA expression vector on NTERA-2 cells].

OBJECTIVE: To construct short hairpin RNA interfering expression vector of TDRG1,and detect the specific interfering effect of TDRG1-shRNA expression vector on NTERA-2 cells. METHODS: Oligos for short hairpin RNA targefing for TDRG1 were designed and connected to the expression vector pGPU6/GFP/Neo to construct the TDRG1 shRNA expression vector. The recombinant plasmid TDRG1-shRNA486, TDRG1-shRNA738, TDRG1-shRNA921 and lipofectamine ™2000 were used to generate and transfect shRNA into NTERA-2 cells. Expression of TDRG1 mRNA was assayed by RT-PCR. RESULTS: TDRG1-shRNA expression vector was successfully constructed. TDRG1-shRNA486 was more effective in the suppression of TDRG1 with significant reduction of TDRG1 mRNA. CONCLUSION: TDRG1-shRNA can interfere the expression of TDRG1 in NTERA-2 cells.

[Effects of tadalafil on erectile dysfunction: on-demand versus once-daily dosing].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of tadalafil administered on demand or once a day in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: We randomly assigned 61 ED patients to three groups to receive tadalafil on demand, at 5 mg once daily, and at 10 mg once daily, respectively. After 42 days of medication, we compared the therapeutic effects among different groups using the patients' sexual encounter profile (SEP) diaries, detected the adverse reactions and assessed the safety of tadalafil. RESULTS: Fifty-three (86.7%) of the patients completed the investigation, and all responded well to tadalafil medication, with a significantly improved success rate of sexual intercourse and a low rate of mild adverse effects. The mean positive rates of SEP were basically similar between the on-demand and once-daily groups. CONCLUSION: There are no significant differences in the improvement of penile erection and sexual satisfaction of ED patients treated by on-demand and once-daily administration of tadalafil.